SOUTHWESTERN LORE, Journal of Colorado Archaeology, is the official publication of the Colorado Archaeological Society. A respected forum for technical papers, it has been published quarterly without interruption since June 1935. The contents and abstracts of the quarterly volumes of years 2000 to present are shown below.
To learn more about SWL and submitting articles for publication, click here.
(click on the appropriate issue to go directly to its contents)
Spring 2000, Volume 66, Number 1:
Pp. 1-18: SITE 5MT10,967, AN ISOLATED PREHISTORIC HUMAN BURIAL FROM
THE LOWER MONTEZUMA VALLEY, SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO,
By Paul R. Nickens and John M. Mabry
Abstract
Excavation and analysis of an isolated human burial and associated remains by Complete Archaeological Service Associates indicate that the individual had been violently killed and subsequently buried with his possessions in an isolated location. The physical characteristics of the individual, the accompanying grave goods, and the burial location suggest that he may have been an intruder into the local Anasazi area from the Fremont region to the northwest.
Pp. 19-26:
A Re-analysis of Canid Bones From the Dipper Gap Site
(5LO101), Logan county, Colorado,
By Troy R. Lovata
Abstract
A re-analysis of the canid bones from the Dipper Gap site (5LO101) using comparisons from zooarchaeological studies indicates the possibility of carnivore modification alongside prehistoric human processing. These comparisons also give evidence of the specific practice of skinning, and not just the general process of butchering as described by Metcalf in his original 1974 report.
Pp. 27-28: 2 Book Reviews by Larry Riggs
The Casas Grandes World, edited by Curtis Schaafsma & Carroll Riley. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 1999
The True History of Chocolate, by Sophie D. Coe & Michael D. Coe. Thames and Hudson, London and New York City, 1996
Pg. 29: Editor’s Note by Kevin Black
Pp. 30-31: Colorado Archaeological Society Annual Encampment 2000, June 30–July 3 at Lathrop State Park, Walsenburg, Colorado
Pg. 32: 2000 Officers and Local Chapters, Colorado Archaeological Society
Summer 2000, Volume 66, Number 2:
Pp. 1-2: Gary Moreschini obituary by D. Georgine Booms and Michael J. Maselli
Pp.
3-21: Warriors, Witches, and Cannibals: Violence in the Prehistoric American
Southwest, By
Michael M. Margolis
Abstract
In the American Southwest, archaeologists have unearthed assemblages of damaged human remains that date from AD 900 to the Historic period. Resulting from violence, these assemblages consist of highly fragmented remains that show signs of cutting, crushing and burning near the time of death. The popular, and highly publicized claims of cannibalism based on these assemblages are evaluated to show sufficient faults to warrant the examination of alternative hypotheses, including warfare and witch execution. Puebloan traditional knowledge and ethnographic data on social organization and ritually sanctioned violence suggest that many of these assemblages may be the result of witch executions of individuals, families, clans, and villages. The alternative hypothesis of witch execution is used to revise recently proposed patterns of prehistoric violence in the Southwest.
Pp.
22-37: RED ROCK LEDGE: PLAINS BIOGRAPHIC ROCK ART IN THE PICKETWIRE CANYONLANDS,
Southeastern COLORADO,
By
James D. Keyser and Mark D. Mitchell
Abstract
The Red Rock Ledge site, a scratched petroglyph scene adjacent to the Purgatoire River south of La Junta, Colorado, is a classic example of Plains Biographic tradition art. The drawing, done in the Early Biographic style, shows a warrior leaving a tipi camp and counting coup on an enemy by capturing his coup stick as a war trophy. Based on stylistic criteria, the drawing is dated to the period between A.D. 1800 and 1850. The site demonstrates the close similarities among Historic period rock art sites located across the Plains region, and suggests that the study of Central and Southern Plains rock art has the potential to yield important information about the development of Plains Biographic art.
Pp. 38-40: Book Reviews
By Elizabeth Ann Morris: Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Platte River Basin, by Kevin P. Gilmore, Marcia Tate, Mark L. Chenault, Bonnie L. Clark, Terri McBride, and Margaret Wood. Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, Denver, 1999
By Larry Riggs: Accidental Archaeologist: Memoirs of Jesse D. Jennings, by Jesse D. Jennings. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 1994
Fall 2000, Volume 66, Number 3:
Pp.
1-29: Paradox Valley, Colorado: Cultural Interactions and Considerations for
Reinterpretation, By
Todd McMahon
Abstract
The 1931 survey of Paradox Valley, Colorado by George and Edna Woodbury of the State Historical Society of Colorado remains a primary source of data for sites from the Formative period of west central Colorado. Previous and recent investigations and interpretations of Paradox Valley and neighboring areas are presented, each with their own views regarding cultural affiliations. An in situ chronology for sites in Paradox Valley, Tabeguache and the Cottonwood Creek localities is proposed based on examination of the architectural sequence and reviewing the previous investigations. By studying architectural change the author suggests that increasing levels of sedentism occurred in this area, and cautiously assigns the area to the Fremont cultural affiliation until the exact relationship with populations further west is more fully known. For the greater Southwest, there exists the possibility that trading networks were developed north from the core Anasazi (Ancestral Puebloan) areas to these locales at the Turner-Look site and along Cottonwood Creek, the Dolores and San Miguel rivers around A.D. 1100. A few techniques are discussed as possible tests to determine interactions between the two areas. The challenge remaining then is to incorporate this peripheral area into the current migration and exchange models for the Southwest and its relevance to other areas of Colorado.
Pp.
30-36: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF
PRIVATE LANDS: AN EXAMPLE FROM SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO,
By
Philip Duke and Gary Matlock
Abstract
Beginning in 1995, Fort Lewis College conducted archaeological surveys of private lands in southwest Colorado as part of a long-term project to help educate landowners on the importance of preserving and protecting archaeological resources. This paper documents the results of these surveys and suggests procedures for working with landowners on such projects.
Pg. 37: CHANGING OF THE GUARD, new book review editor
Pp. 38-40: Book Review by Kevin Thompson
Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Northern Colorado River Basin, by Alan D. Reed and Michael D. Metcalf. Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, Denver, 1999
Winter 2000, Volume 66, Number 4:
Pp.
1-13: Ground Stone Gorgets from the
Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, Las Animas County, Colorado,
By
Christopher Lintz
Abstract
Two and perhaps three ground stone gorgets have been recovered from prehistoric sites within the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site of southeastern Colorado. This paper summarizes the age, affiliation, distribution and function of gorgets, and calls attention to this distinctive type of implement that most frequently occurs some 400 to 600 km east of their place of discovery. Their occurrence in the western portion of the High Plains has interesting implications for social contacts and interactions during the Archaic or Woodland periods.
Pp.
14-22: Microscopic and Molecular
Evidence for the Human Origin of the Coprolite from the "Cannibalism"
Site at Cowboy Wash (5MT10010), By
Jennifer E. Marlar, Richard A. Marlar, Karl J. Reinhard, Banks
L. Leonard, Patricia M. Lambert, and Brian R. Billman
Abstract
A recent article in Nature reports biochemical evidence of the consumption of human muscle tissue by humans. The evidence is based on the presence of myoglobin, a heart and skeletal muscle protein, in a human coprolite. The coprolite was found at a small early Pueblo III habitation site (5MT10010) located along Cowboy Wash in southwestern Colorado, with archaeological and osteological indications of cannibalism. Critics of this report have suggested that the source of the coprolite was canine (dog or coyote) and not human. Here, we present molecular evidence confirming the human origin of the coprolite. Human proteins usually present in human fecal material were detected in the 5MT10010 coprolite, and canine blood proteins and immunoglobulins normally found in canine fecal material were not. These results support previously published data that characterized the coprolite as human and support other archaeological, osteological, and biochemical evidence that prehistoric cannibalism occurred at 5MT10010.
Pp.
23-34: Corrugated Mesa Verde White
Wares: Their Forms, Distribution and Chronology,
By
Norman T. Oppelt
Abstract
Samples of sherds from corrugated Mesa Verde White Ware bowls, 12 whole corrugated bowls, and 11 ollas with corrugated necks were analyzed. These data and data from previous research indicate: (1) Mesa Verde White Ware bowls with corrugated exteriors are primarily Mancos Black-on-white with a few Cortez Black-on-white and McElmo Black-on-white examples. The Mesa Verde White Ware ollas with corrugated necks are mainly later types, McElmo Black-on-white and Mesa Verde Black-on-white. (2) Corrugated Mesa Verde White Ware vessels are found in most of the Pueblo II sites of the Northern San Juan region, being most common in the Mesa Verde and Montezuma Valley areas. (3) Corrugated white ware was never common, comprising one to five percent of the Mancos Black-on-white sherds on excavated sites; and (4) White ware pottery with corrugations should be considered a variation or mode of the parent type rather than a separate pottery type.
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Pp. 35-38: Book Reviews by Larry Riggs
The Elgin Affair: The Abduction of Antiquity's Greatest Treasures and the Passions It Aroused, by Theodore Vrettos. Arcade Publishing, Inc., New York, 1997
It's About Time: A History of Archaeological Dating in North America, edited by Stephen E. Nash. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 2000
Models for the Millennium: Great Basin Anthropology Today, edited by Charlotte Beck. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 1999
Pp. 39-40: BOOKNOTES, edited by Frederic J. Athearn
Spring 2001, Volume 67, Number 1:
Pp.
1-17: STONE CIRCLES AT ANTELOPE GULCH, FREMONT COUNTY, COLORADO,
By
Donald C. Tucker
Abstract
The Antelope Gulch site (5FN494) is an unusual open stone circle site located in northwest Fremont County, Colorado. It is purported to be a bison jump site because bison bones had been found there. The purpose of the project was to survey and record the site, determine whether it was a habitation site and if there was enough evidence to definitely say it was a bison jump site. During the survey, thirteen spaced-stone circles were found, either clustered in groups of three or occurring singly. This may indicate that the site was occupied by small family groups. Three circle groups have three circles each related by proximity. One group containing the three smallest circles has stones that are more deeply embedded and more lichen covered compared to the other circles and may represent an earlier occupation. No surface evidence of hearth features was located either within the circles or surrounding them. Most artifacts were not diagnostic. Two broken projectile points appear to be Late Archaic types, indicating an early site usage that may or may not be associated with the stone circles. Other artifacts found included two pieces of ground stone, four scrapers and many flakes. The artifacts may indicate occupational usage. There are also two lithic quarry locations in the site area. There is no conclusive evidence that the site was a bison jump, even though one bison horn was found.
Pp.
18-42: Nancy
Ellen (5RB2728): A Paleoindian Site in the Badlands of Coal Oil Basin, Rio
Blanco County, Colorado, By
Steven G. Baker
Abstract
The Nancy Ellen Site (5RB2728) was briefly investigated in 1985 in association with pipeline construction in the badlands of Coal Oil Basin, Rio Blanco County, Colorado. Four early Holocene age radiocarbon dates were obtained from buried features, including remnants of rock-filled hearths, set within what appears to be a significantly eroded Paleoindian occupation surface. Four dates associated with these features range from 8550 to 9970 B.P. These dates also were associated with paleoenvironmental data which suggest that a saltbush vegetational community, not greatly different in its basic characteristics than that observed today, also was present in Coal Oil Basin during early Holocene times. Although the buried features appear man-made, they lack associated portable or diagnostic elements of material culture. The site does, however, also evidence a thin surface lithic component of at least an Archaic era age. The buried hearths are a type of archaeological feature which is frequently encountered in the local area and which commonly lacks diagnostic cultural associations. These features are, nevertheless, routinely regarded as culturally derived by most archaeologists. Fifteen years after their discovery, the Nancy Ellen features still hold the distinction of being the earliest dated and only Paleoindian archaeological features documented from northwestern Colorado and are also among the very earliest ones known from the entire state as well. Despite the presence of these obviously early and common archaeological features as a lower component of an undoubted archaeological site, the Nancy Ellen site’s status as a Paleoindian resource has been met with some peculiar and unfounded skepticism. At the very least it is a site that deserves further evaluation and might yet yield important data on the Paleoindian era. This article summarizes the Paleoindian age archaeological evidence and dating at Nancy Ellen. It closes with a call for better management of the resource and comments on archaeological expectations for discovery of other Paleoindian sites in northwestern Colorado.
Pp. 43-45: Book Review by Mark Stiger
Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Arkansas River Basin, by Christian J. Zier and Stephen M. Kalasz, with contributions by Mary W. Painter, Mark Mitchell, Amy Holmes, and Michael McFaul. Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, Denver, 1999
Pg. 46: GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS
Pg. 47: 2001 Officers, Colorado Archaeological Society
Pg. 48: Local Chapters, Colorado Archaeological Society
Summer 2001, Volume 67, Number 2:
Pp.
1-16: ARCHAEOLOGISTS ABOVE TIMBERLINE: THE EARLY YEARS,
By
James B. Benedict
Abstract
The lives and contributions of four pioneering high-mountain archaeologists (Jack Moomaw, Dorr Yeager, Ronald Ives, and Betty Yelm) and an accidental ethnographer (Oliver Toll) are profiled in this article. All worked before World War II at high altitudes in the Indian Peaks Wilderness and Rocky Mountain National Park. Their discoveries and observations provide guidance, inspiration, and an occasional cautionary note for those who continue to practice archaeology above timberline.
Pp.
17-25: THE WHITECOTTON INTERMOUNTAIN WARE VESSEL, ROUTT
COUNTY, COLORADO, By
John O. Ross
Abstract
As far as has been reported, only eight other whole or partial Intermountain ware vessels have been found in Colorado, four along the northern Front Range, and four on the Western Slope. The Whitecotton pot from site 5RT1334 brings the total to nine, the fifth on the Western Slope. Several Intermountain ware pots have been found in south-central and western Wyoming. There are natural topographic travel routes following watercourses between Wyoming and this site near the Yampa River Valley, several miles southwest of Steamboat Springs. This report describes the Whitecotton pot, raises questions about how and when it came to be at 5RT1334, and proposes possible prehistoric travel routes between 5RT1334 and other Intermountain ware-bearing sites in south-central and western Wyoming.
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Pp.
26-27:
Book Review
by
Earl S. Mead
The Kachina and the Cross: Indians and Spaniards in the Early Southwest, by Carroll L. Riley. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 1999
Pg. 28: BOOK NOTES, prepared by Robert J. Mutaw
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Fall 2001, Volume 67, Number 3:
Pp. 1-7: Obituary, Gilbert R. Wenger: Native Western Slope Archaeologist Yodeling Beyond the Great Divide, by Steven G. Baker
Pp.8-32:
Historical
Dendroarchaeology in Central Colorado: Lessons from the Keystone Area, by
Ronald H. Towner and Michael R Clary
Abstract
Archaeological dendrochronology is most often associated with the dating of prehistoric masonry structures in southwestern Colorado, such as the famous sites in Mesa Verde and elsewhere. Tree-ring dating, however, is used in a wide variety of disciplines in many different parts of the world. This paper describes the results of recent research in the central Colorado Rockies near the community of Keystone. It demonstrates that tree-ring dating of historic structures is viable in the area, and also shows how tree-ring collections can contribute not only to the dating of such structures, but to behavioral and environmental inferences as well.
Winter 2001, Volume 67, Number 4:
Pp. 14-18: HORSE PETROGLYPHS AS SYMBOLS OF CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION, by Peter Faris
Abstract
The acquisition of horses by Native peoples led to a rapid transformation of
Plains Indian life. Not only was the horse a powerful agent of change to the
tribes of Plains and Plateau Indians who acquired it, it became a symbol of that
change as well. The style of portrayals of horses in rock art changed over the years indicating the people's attitude toward, and
cultural assimilation of, the horse. This process is illustrated by examples of
horses in the rock art of Colorado.
Pp. 14-18: SOME THOUGHTS ON CHIMNEY ROCK, by David A. Breternitz
Abstract
A brief review of the circumstances and personnel who initiated the 1970-1972
investigations at Chimney Rock is followed by two suggestions: 1) that at least
a portion of the Chimney Rock population contributed to the Gallina occupation
of north-central New Mexico in the A.D. 1200s; and, 2) that a community study of
Chimney Rock would generate questions and suggestions regarding some of
the current
lapses in our knowledge of Chimney Rock.
Pg.
19: BOOK REVIEW, by Robert Mutaw.
Images From the Past: A Self-Guided Tour of Petroglyphs and
Pictographs of the American Southwest, by Robin Scott Bicknell. The Patrice
Press, Tucson, Arizona, 2001.
Spring 2002, Volume 68, Number 1
Pp. 1-22: PREHISTORIC SITES AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE KEN-CARYL VALLEY, JEFFERSON COUNTY, COLORADO, by Lawrence E. Moore
Abstract
This report summarizes archaeological survey work done by members of the Denver Chapter, Colorado Archaeological Society, during the calendar year of 2000. This project is part of a continuing research program focused on the Ken-Caryl Valley of Jefferson County. The area surveyed was a portion of the Lyons ridge and its adjacent side slopes from Dutch Creek to Massey Creek. Nine prehistoric and two historic sites were recorded. The prehistoric information is discussed in relation to two models of land use, one a seasonal model based on transhumance and the other a year round model emphasizing regional trade. Additional work is called for to assess the merits of each.
Pp. 23-37: A NEWLY DISCOVERED GAME DRIVE SITE IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK, NORTH-CENTRAL COLORADO, by James B. Benedict
Abstract
The Ute Trail game drive (5LR10260) is above timberline near the east end of Trail Ridge, in Rocky Mountain National Park. Two of the site's three rudimentary cairn lines were constructed to help drive ungulates (probably elk) from a valley-floor grazing area to a ridgecrest col. As the animals emerged from the col, they entered a corral-like enclosure formed of large, in-situ boulders and a transverse cairn line. Here hunters were stationed in ambush. Granite-weathering data indicate that the cairn lines and a nearby stone semicircle are prehistoric, but do not provide numerical ages. Absence of broken projectile points, butchering tools, and waste flakes suggests that the hunt was unsuccessful. The site is interpreted as an "expedient drive system" (hastily constructed to take advantage of a chance encounter with game), rather than a "destination drive system" (regularly visited, maintained, and improved as part of a group's seasonal rounds). The Inuit who traveled with Diamond Jenness on Victoria Island in August, 1915, built similar structures, and used them for impromptu caribou drives on nine separate occasions during a 22-day period. Expedient drive systems are less common in the Front Range than might be expected from Jenness's ethnographic data. Slipshod construction and damage by periglacial processes may help account for their underrepresentation in the archaeological record.
Pg. 38: LISTS OF 2002 OFFICERS AND LOCAL CHAPTERS, COLORADO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Pg.
39: LOCAL CHAPTERS, COLORADO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Summer 2002, Volume 68, Number 2
Abstract
Views
of rights, obligations, and behavioral expectations associated with gender roles
vary to some degree within different segments of the society. While ideal gender
roles of the Victorian era in America are extensively discussed in the
literature of the late 1800s, and are frequently thought of today as having been
uniformly accepted, many of the ideals of the "cult of domesticity"
were not followed outside of upper middle class society in eastern urban
centers. However, a different view of Victorian gender roles can be seen at
western homesteads. For example, despite Victorian proscriptions against
women’s participation in the public sphere, 18 percent of the homestead
entrants in northeastern Colorado were by single women. This paper discusses the
excavation of one of these homesteads, the Adelia Wells homestead, dated to the
1890s in Arapahoe County, Colorado and what these excavations indicate about
concepts of middle class status and gender roles in the rural west.
Pp. 18-32:
BASKETMAKER II SITE INVESTIGATIONS NEAR DURANGO, COLORADO, 1966, by David A.
Breternitz
Abstract
Ignacio
12:46 (5LP6444) is a Basketmaker II habitation site located on the west side of
the Animas Valley, north of Durango, Colorado. It was investigated in 1966 by a
"team" comprised of two amateurs, I. F. (Zeke) Flora and William L.
Morris, and students from the University of Colorado Mesa Verde Archaeological
Field School. Subsequently, the analysis of tree-ring material indicates that
the house floor at Ignacio 12:46 is the latest tree-ring dated Basketmaker II
occupation in the Durango area, dating from the A.D. 360s and A.D. 370s.
Pp. 1-16: A CLOSER
LOOK AT EASTERN UTE SUBSISTENCE, by
Rand A. Greubel
Abstract
Pp.
17-25: UTE AND NAVAJO CERAMICS: A VIEW FROM WESTERN COLORADO, by John D.
Cater
Abstract
Pg. 26: Book Review, by Robert J. Mutaw
San Luis Valley Rock Art, by
Ron Kessler. Adobe Village Press, Monte Vista, Colorado, 2000.
Pp. 27-28: Book
Notes, by Robert J. Mutaw
Winter 2002, Volume 68, Number 4
Pp.
1-10: POTTERY AND OTHER INTRUSIVE MATERIALS IN MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK, by
Norman T. Oppelt
Abstract
An examination of the intrusive pottery
from excavations and surveys in the Mesa Verde National Park shows that red ware
of several types was imported by Ancestral Puebloans for all of their 700 year
tenure on Mesa Verde. It is probable that the red ware served some special
ritual purpose. San Juan Red Ware, the first intrusive pottery, was
imported from approximately A.D. 750 to 1100. Bluff Black-on-red was the
most common type of San Juan Red Ware found on Mesa Verde indicating the height
of contact with people in other parts of the northern San Juan was A.D. 780 to
940. Most of this type of pottery came from the east in the La Plata and
Animas drainages. Small amounts of Bluff Black-on-red were also imported
from southeastern Utah, and a sherd-tempered variety, McPhee Black-on-red, came
from the nearby Montezuma Valley. As the importation of San Juan Red Ware
decreased in the tenth century, red ware was obtained from areas outside the
region. Tsegi Orange Ware from the Kayenta area of northeastern Arizona
and White Mountain Red Ware from west-central New Mexico and east-central
Arizona were imported long distances in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries.
Both of the se wares are present on Mesa Verde in small amounts. The only
intrusive white ware during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is Cibola White
Ware, which is scarce, suggesting little contact with people from the Chaco are
to the south. The lack of intrusive pottery of any type, and of other
materials such as turquoise, obsidian, and shell during the 1200s, indicates
little trade with people outside Mesa Verde in the decades prior to abandonment.
Pp.
11-23: THE WEST COTTONWOOD WING: A NEWLY DISCOVERED GAME-HANDLING FACILITY IN
EAGLE COUNTY, COLORADO, by Michael D. Metcalf
Abstract
The “wing” is a Ute game-handling
facility characterized by converging wings of brush and/or stone placed on the
terrain to encourage game animals into a precise spot where they could be killed
by hunters. Wings are generally described in Ute ethnographies, and the
concept of the wing remains alive in Ute oral tradition. An archaeological
example of a wing, located north of the Eagle River, is described in this
article and some general observations about the functioning of the wing are
presented. The wing is viewed as a regularly utilized facility, used and
maintained by a small group in the context of an annual subsistence cycle.
Similarities to some high altitude game drive systems are noted, particularly to
small-scale features designed to work as enhancements to natural terrain
features.
Pp.
24-28: ALICE HAMILTON SCHOLARSHIPS: 15 YEARS OF HELPING COLORADO ARCHAEOLOGY, by
The Alice Hamilton Scholarship Committee
Abstract
The Colorado Archaeological Society
(CAS) annually awards scholarships to Colorado archaeology students in the name
of Alice Hamilton. Over the years several prominent archaeologists have
been awarded these scholarships during their training. CAS will continue
to provide scholarships to students of archaeology in 2003. This article
reviews the history of the Alice Hamilton Scholarship program and provides
details for applications to the scholarship program.
Pg. 29: BOOK REVIEW,
by Robert J. Mutaw.
Sacred Objects and Sacred
Places: Preserving Tribal Traditions, by Andrew Gulliford. University
Press of Colorado, Boulder, 2000.
Pp. 30-31: BOOK
REVIEWS, by Michael J. Landem.
Stone Age Spear and Arrow
Points of California and the Great Basin, by Noel D. Justice. Indiana
University Press, Bloomington, 2002; and
Stone Age Spear and Arrow
Points of the Southwestern United States, by Noel D. Justice. Indiana
University Press, Bloomington, 2002.
Pp. 1-11: A NEW
PERSPECTIVE ON THE SEASONAL USE OF UTE ARCHITECTURE IN WESTERN COLORADO,
by John Cater
Abstract
Many
discussions and theories regarding Ute architecture and seasonality have been
made over the years. These theories have been based largely on a limited survey
level database and speculation. Recent excavations of Ute sites with
architectural elements have produced data that support some, and negate other
elements of these theories. Recent work along the Trans-Colorado Pipeline
Corridor has revealed new data regarding Ute architecture that may lead to a
better understanding of technology, seasonality, and adaptation in western
Colorado.
Pp. 12-30: AN
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TRINCHERA CAVE AREA, SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO, by Kevin D. Black
Abstract
An
inventory of land surrounding the Trinchera Cave site was conducted in
1997-1999. The survey trained volunteers in the Program for Avocational
Archaeological Certification (PAAC), yielding settlement information on the
Trinchera Creek canyon system in which Trinchera Cave is situated. This paper
summarizes the survey results, based on field documentation of 57 sites and 18
isolated finds. Post-A.D. 1050 use of the locality apparently was heaviest, with
little evidence of materials pre-dating 1000 B.C. Diagnostic tools are common,
as are other lithics of which many are made from non-local obsidian and Alibates
chert. Along with abundant local lithics and mostly non-micaceous plain
ceramics, the survey results show that local hunter-gatherers' territorial range
focused on Southern Plains resources with little obvious use of higher
elevations in the foothills and mountains to the west and northwest.
Pg.
31: BOOK REVIEW,
by Jeannette L. Mobley–Tanaka
Colorado
Prehistory: A Context for the Southern Colorado River Basin, edited by William D. Lipe, Mark D.
Varien, and Richard H. Wilshusen. Colorado Council of Professional
Archaeologists, Denver, 1999.
Pg. 33: BOOK REVIEW,
by Robert J. Mutaw
Tony Hillerman’s Navajoland:
Hideouts, Haunts, and Havens in the Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee Mysteries, by
Laurence D. Linford. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 2001.
Pg. 35: 2003 OFFICERS, COLORADO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Pg. 36: LOCAL CHAPTERS,
COLORADO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Pp.
1-19: THE INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MILL CREEK ARRASTRA SITE (5CC637), CLEAR
CREEK COUNTY, COLORADO, by
Eric Twitty, William Martin, and Todd Kohler
Abstract
Pp. 20-42: VARIATION AT HIGH ELEVATION: REPORTING NEW CERAMIC SITES FROM THE SOUTHERN COLORADO ROCKIES, by Wade Broadhead
Abstract
The study of Post-Archaic/Late Prehistoric
occupations in west-central Colorado has focused primarily on the Fremont,
Gateway, and Puebloan cultures. With limited evidence to the contrary, the
Late Prehistoric (ceramic era) occupation of the central Colorado Rocky
Mountains largely involves discussion of the Ute culture and Uncompahgre Brown
ware, the predominate ethnic group and ceramic type found in west-central
Colorado. This article reports ten new ceramic sites representing at least
twelve different vessels in the Gunnison Basin, a geographic region where
evidence of numerous variations in ceramic traditions—Numic and
otherwise—have been discovered. This report describes ten new high
elevation ceramic sites found from 1990 to 2000, and also reports ancillary
studies associated with these sites. The paper demonstrates that high elevation
ceramic sites are more common than once believed and suggests that the Late
Prehistoric–Protohistoric period in the Colorado mountains was dynamic and
diverse. These sites document significant interchange between the central
Colorado high country and southwestern Colorado–northern New Mexico. They also
suggest that, if a “Numic spread” affected the Gunnison Basin, the Numic
populations maintained ancient connections to the south and did not prefer the
traditional Ute punctate pottery found elsewhere in the Colorado mountains.
This article also presents cursory evidence for possible Athapaskan visitation
into traditional Ute homelands, but by no means suggests an intermountain
migration route.
Pg. 43: BOOK REVIEW,
by Earl S. Mead
Warrior, Shield, and Star: Imagery and Ideology of Pueblo Warfare, by Polly Schaafsma. Western Edge Press, Santa Fe, 2000.
Pp. 1-25: THE HOGBACK VALLEY AND ITS RELATION TO DENVER AREA PREHISTORY, by Lawrence E. Moore and Richard Busch
Abstract
A prehistoric habitation area
is proposed for much of the greater Denver area. Important sub-areas include the
Hogback valley and adjacent portions of the plains, Palmer Divide, and Front
Range montane. Prehistoric site densities are calculated for these sub-areas,
concluding that the Hogback valley has the highest density of habitation sites.
This high density makes the Hogback valley a primary sub-area within the broader
habitation area. This is likely due to the concentrations of quarries and easy
access to other multiple natural resources available from this location. A model
is presented wherein prehistoric peoples implemented a short-range mobility
strategy to use the rich local resources resulting in year-round residence
within the Denver habitation area.
Pp.
26-33: THE MAST SITE: PATTERNS IN LATE ARCHAIC FIRE-CRACKED-ROCK FEATURES IN THE
GUNNISON BASIN, by Erik Bjornstad
Abstract
The Mast site is situated in
a small housing subdivision approximately .4 km to the south of the Tenderfoot
site in Gunnison County, Colorado. When the homeowners uncovered a
fire-cracked-rock feature in the spring of 1999, the opportunity arose to
salvage data before the feature was destroyed. In a single day of
excavations, Western State College mapped the feature and excavated its fill and
surrounding matrix. Artifacts recovered included one tool, as well as
several pieces of debitage.
Pp. 34-35: BOOK REVIEW, by Gordon C. Tucker, Jr.
Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology of the Colorado High Country, by Mark Stiger. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, 2001.
Pp. 35-36: BOOK REVIEW, by Michael Landem.
Plains Indian Rock Art, by James D. Keyser and Michael A. Klassen. University of Washington Press, Seattle and UBC Press, Vancouver, 2001.
Pp.
1-34: HISTORIC UTE ARCHAEOLOGY: INTERPRETING THE LAST HOUR WICKIUP (5RB3236), by
Steven G. Baker
Abstract
The Last Hour Wickiup (5RB3236) in Rio
Blanco County, Colorado was investigated in 1993 by Centuries Research, Inc.
The project provided an opportunity to test multiple lines of dating, initiate
dialogue, and explore the usefulness of simple historical archaeological and
ethnohistorical methodologies in the interpretation of the most ephemeral of
Numic structural sites. The success of the dating at this and a growing
number of other regional sites demonstrates the potential for closely dating
post-contact Ute sites and moving beyond minimalist taxonomic thinking. The Last
Hour Wickiup's attributes contrast with those from documented historic Ute
primary residential wickiups. They are, as interpreted from multiple lines
of evidence, most consistent with those of warm season Ute menstrual huts, which
appear to be a diagnostic archaeological attribute of the regional Numic
speakers. The site and ethnohistorical data suggest how one simple variety of
traditional site architecture was still being integrated within the Utes'
contact-traditional ranchería plans of their Middle Contact period ca. 1840.
This is when tepees are believed to have become commonly used as primary nuclear
family residences.
Pp. 35-50: COLORADO OBSIDIAN? PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A STATEWIDE DATABASE OF TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS, by Jeffrey R. Ferguson and Craig E. Skinner
Abstract
Colorado archaeologists have noted the
presence of obsidian tools and debitage in archaeological sites for decades, but
have recently increased their use of trace element analysis to determine the
provenance of the material. Due to the small assemblages at all but a
handful of sites, these characterization data have not been synthesized into
patterns of regional lithic procurement and/or exchange. This paper
discusses some preliminary analysis of a statewide database of provenance
studies, and suggests some alternatives to some of the common misconceptions
about obsidian use in the region. We also address the probability of
undiscovered sources of obsidian within Colorado. The current database of
sourcing studies included here reveals a wide geographic range of sources from
seven western states, and includes 19 chemically distinct sources.
Pp. 51-52: BOOK
REVIEW, by Jim D. Feagins.
Silver Horn: Master Illustrator of the Kiowas, by Candace S. Greene. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2001.
Spring 2004, Volume 70, Number 1
Pp.
1-16: MODELING LATE ARCHAIC/LATE PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE IN THE
SAN LUIS VALLEY, COLORADO, by Bradford Andrews, Heather Mrzlack, Marilyn
Martorano, Ted Hoefer III, and Wade Broadhead
Abstract:
Recent research by the Great Sand Dunes Eolian
System Anthropological Project included the excavation of one thermal feature
and two charcoal-stained anomalies associated with fire-cracked rock. All
three features, found in the piñon–juniper zone, yielded radiocarbon dates
associated with the early Late Archaic/Late Prehistoric transitional period.
This paper explores two issues. First, what kind of prehistoric
exploitation might these features represent? In particular, are the two
shallow depressions the remains of ephemeral structures, or processing
activities? Second, what do they indicate about the settlement system at the
time? Evidence from the nearby Blanca Wildlife Refuge indicates a
relatively intensive exploitation of the valley-bottom lacustrine zones during
this transitional period. In contrast, these features located in the
foothills may represent the seasonal occupation of the piñon–juniper belt by
groups who regularly resided in the moister lacustrine areas.
Pp.
17–30: AN EXPERIMENTAL WICKIUP, by William B. Butler
Abstract:
Recent fieldwork in Rocky Mountain National Park
resulted in the discovery of several collapsed wickiups of probable Ute
affiliation. An experimental wickiup was constructed in order to gain
insights on construction time and effort, comfort, capacity, and other
intangibles not present or easily revealed from the archaeological record.
Dead and dry aspen poles ca. 3 m in length can be easily broken off at ground
level, and pine boughs to cover and waterproof the structure can be obtained
from trees with a few blows of a large stick. A ca. 2 m high wickiup
consisting of about 80 poles and covered with pine boughs can be constructed by
a couple of individuals in about an hour. Because dead aspen can stand
upright for 100 years or more before being collected for use in wickiups or as
fire wood, they are identified as a potential source of error in the “old
wood” problem n radiocarbon dating.
Pp. 31–34: BOOK
REVIEW, by Ronald J. Rood.
Tracing the Past: Archaeology Along the Rocky Mountain Expansion Loop Pipeline, by E Steve Cassells. Alpine Archaeological Consultants, Montrose, Colorado, 2003.
Pg.
35: 2004 OFFICERS, COLORADO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Pg. 36: CHAPTERS, COLORADO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Spring 2004, Volume 70, Number 2
Pp. 1–32: ANALYSIS OF THE ARTIFACT COLLECTION FROM THE JARRE CREEK SITE (5DA541), A TERMINAL EARLY CERAMIC PERIOD OCCUPATION ON THE PALMER DIVIDE, COLORADO, by Kevin P. Gilmore
|
|
Hafted
Bifaces from 5DA541 |
Abstract:
With funding from the Colorado
Historical Society’s State Historical Fund, the Archaeological Research
Institute at the University of Denver analyzed artifact collections from the
Tenth Fairway, Rainbow Creek, and Jarre Creek sites in Douglas County held by
the University of Denver Museum of Anthropology (DUMA). Artifacts from the
Jarre Creek site were collected during work done in the 1950s and were selected
for analysis because of the previously published Late Prehistoric radiocarbon
age (900 ± 250 B.P.) associated with these materials. Two additional
samples of charcoal from features on the site were processed during the current
analysis and returned dates of 1100 ± 60 B.P., and 1070 ± 60 B.P. The
site is located in the northwestern corner of the Palmer Divide, an area south
of Denver above 1830 m (6,000 ft) in elevation that extends from the base of the
Front Range out onto the plains. The prehistory of this unique area is
relatively unknown, and the information from these sites adds greatly to the
corpus of knowledge regarding the prehistoric occupation of the Palmer Divide.
In addition to diagnostic projectile points, a reconstructable ceramic vessel
with a decorated rim, and other flaked stone and ground stone artifacts, the
site also contains the remains of one or possibly two habitation structures.
The occupants of the site utilized local lithic raw materials almost
exclusively. The Jarre Creek site is interpreted as a single occupation of
relatively short duration dated to the latter part of the Early Ceramic period.
Pp.
33–48: TWO ANCESTRAL PUEBLOAN ARCHAEOASTRONOMICAL SOLSTICE TECHNIQUES UTILIZED
IN MANCOS CANYON, COLORADO, by Virginia S. Wolf and Edward A. Wheeler
Abstract
For more than ten thousand years the
Four Corners region of the Southwest United States has been inhabited by Native
American societies. Some of these were farmers, referred to today as the
Ancestral Puebloans, and they created calendars to determine planting and ritual
schedules. Archaeoastronomers have located numerous ancient petroglyphs,
presumably designed by these ancient farmers, to visually interact with sunlight
and shadow patterns marking the solstices, equinoxes and other predictable
celestial events. Because the selected site locations are highly visible
we are suggesting that these interactions served as a public display for the
community at large to see. This article will focus on two
solstice-depicting sites found in Mancos Canyon, Colorado. One location
integrates petroglyph symbols with sunlight and shadow patterns to define both
solstices, and the other utilizes an “effigy” shadow and man-made hole to
display the winter solstice.
Pg. 49: INTRODUCING A NEW CAS CHAPTER, by Peter Faris
Fall 2004, Volume 70, Number3
DAVID
A. BRETERNITZ: RETROSPECTIVE OF A SOUTHWESTERN ARCHAEOLOGIST, compiled By
Elizabeth A. Morris and Barbara B. Breternitz
[Note: This expanded issue honoring the career of David Breternitz
includes many short articles almost all of which lack abstracts]
(Click on the image to see it enlarged.)
Pp. 3-4:
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Pp. 5-6: INTRODUCTION, by Elizabeth Ann Morris
Pp. 7-13: DAVE ALAN BRETERNITZ: ALIVE AND
WELL IN 2004,
by Alexander J. Lindsay, Jr. and Jane Lindsey
Pp. 14-15: DAVE BRETERNITZ AS AN UNDERGRADUATE ARCHAEOLOGY STUDENT
AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF DENVER, by Sarah M. Nelson
Pp. 16-17: KNOWING DAVE AND BARBARA BRETERNITZ FOR OVER 50 YEARS,
by Earl Ingmanson
Pp. 18-19: DAVE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD SCHOOL
AT
POINT OF PINES, by
Ernest Leavitt
Pp. 20-26: DAVID ALAN BRETERNITZ:
AN IMPORTANT INFLUENCE IN MY LIFE,
by Elizabeth Ann Morris
Pg. 27:
I REMEMBER DAVE AT THE MUSEUM OF NORTHERN ARIZONA,
by James "Murph" Murphy
Pp. 28-39: POINT OF PINES TO CHACO CANYON: A BRIEF PHOTO ESSAY IN RECOGNITION
OF DAVID A. BRETERNITZ, by Christy G. Turner II
ABSTRACT
A personal account of David A. Breternitz
is presented in a photo essay covering the years 1955–1997. It touches on only
a few of the many events he and his family have shared with various mutual
friends and my family and I. It is an historical account only in the sense that
the dates and events are accurate and documented by photographs. Some of the
comments are only opinions and should be viewed as such.
Pp. 40-41:
DAVID A. BRETERNITZ, ARCHAEOLOGIST? by Bearclaw Bannister
Pp. 42-44: FRIENDSHIPS THAT LAST A LIFETIME,
by Cal Calabrese
Pp. 45-48: LIFE WITH DAVE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER,
by Payson Sheets
Pp. 49-50: DAB AND THE UNKNOWN OBJECT,
by Larry L. Leach
Pp. 51-52: A QUESTION OF WHO WORKS FOR WHOM,
by Bruce A. Anderson
Pg. 53: DAVE BRETERNITZ IN AFRICA, 1967–1968,
by Thurston Shaw
Pp. 54-57: ADDITIONAL ANECDOTES FROM THE AFRICAN EXPERIENCE,
by David and Barbara Breternitz
Pp. 58-62: THE RUTTED ROAD FROM FIELD SCHOOL TO CAREERS,
by Jenny (Metzger) Adams and Todd Metzger
Pp. 63-64: DAVE BRETERNITZ AND THE PLAINS,
by Mike Metcalf
Pp. 65-66: DAVE, BRUCE, AND LARRY PLAY CARDS,
by Larry (full name withheld upon request)
Pp. 67-69: DAVE: EDUCATOR AND EXAMPLE,
by Mark Stiger
Pp. 70-72: DR. DAVE, by Scott L. Carpenter
Pp. 73-74: THE MEANING OF GLUE, by Kevin Black
Pp. 75-78: WHY ARE KIVAS ROUND? by Richard Wilshusen
Pp. 79-89: KEY
POINTS FROM PALEO NOTES AND COLLECTIONS, by Dennis J. Stanford and Margaret A. Jodry
Pp. 90-94: DAVID ALAN BRETERNITZ: A TRIBUTE,
by Cory Dale Breternitz
Pp. 95-100: THE LEGACY OF SOUTH GAP, by Cory Dale Breternitz and Scott Carpenter
Pp. 101-102: DAVE, MY NEIGHBOR, by Mike Coffey
Pp. 103-104: DAVE BRETERNITZ: MY DAD, by Susan Breternitz Goulding
Pp. 105-106: MY DADDY, MY FRIEND, by Nancy Breternitz Steele
Pp. 107-108: MY 50 YEARS WITH DAVID A. BRETERNITZ,
by Barbara Breternitz
Pp. 109-110: YOU’RE NEVER TOO OLD TO BE IMMATURE,
by Jerry Fetterman
Pp. 111-112: DAVID A. BRETERNITZ: CURRICULUM VITUM
Pp. 113-115: DAVID A. BRETERNITZ FIELD PROJECTS SINCE RETIREMENT (MAY 1986)
Pp. 116-124: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DAVID ALAN BRETERNITZ
Winter 2004, Volume 70, Number 4
A field survey of the South Canyon Coal Camp (also know as South Canon) was conducted during the summers of 1999 – 2000. The survey trained people from our Chapter who had taken the Program for Avocational Archaeological Certification (PAAC) Survey class and they in turn assisted others with the knowledge they had learned. Each time a group did work on the site, the leader was someone who had taken the class. This paper reports our findings at the site and also information obtained by taking oral histories. Research found that there was an earlier town site, which does not have any remnants of any buildings. The second town, the one we did work on, does have brick and rock building walls and foundations. As the coal mines became more dangerous and less productive, the mines shut down and the town was abandoned. Anything, including building materials was used elsewhere over he years, leaving only the brick and rock walls and foundations.
Pp. 38-39:
BOOK
REVIEW, by Gordon C.
Tucker, Jr.
The
Chaco Handbook: An Encyclopedic Guide, by F. Gwinn Vivian and
Bruce Hilpert. The University of
Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 2002.
Summer 2005, Volume 71, Number 2:
Pp. 1–31: THE DISMAL RIVER COMPLEX IN EASTERN COLORADO: A VIEW FROM THE PINNACLE SITE (5PA1764), by Gordon C. Tucker Jr., Marcia J. Tate, Bill Tate, and Juston J. Fariello
ABSTRACT
The Pinnacle site (5PA1764), located on a rocky outcrop near Eleven Mile Canyon Reservoir in Park County, was discovered during a land exchange survey between the Denver Water Board and USDA Forest Service. In the fall of 2002 and spring 2003, Tate & Associates conducted data recovery at the site, which resulted in the identification of a concentration of heat-treated lithic flakes, a stone circle with an interior hearth, and a badly eroded exterior hearth. The first two features yielded radiocarbon and thermoluminescent age estimates that place site occupation(s) between A.D. 1400 and 1620. The recovery of several sherds of Western Dismal River variant pottery, with a probable age range of A.D. 1525–1725, corroborates these chronometric estimates. A culturally scarred tree found at the north end of the site was peeled at ca. A.D. 1893, and thus reflects a later aboriginal use of the site. Obsidian flakes found on the site were sourced to Obsidian Cliff in Yellowstone National Park. The age and artifact assemblage of Pinnacle site is comparable to several other sites in the Colorado mountains east of the Continental Divide. These similarities suggest that Athapaskan-speaking, proto-Apachean people, bearing a distinctive ceramic tradition, moved from the Plains into the mountains of Colorado during the fifteenth century A.D. and exploited the region’s abundant natural resources. These people had direct or indirect connections with groups in the Northern and Southern Rocky Mountains, Southern Plains, and Southwest, with whom they exchanged raw materials, such as obsidian and amazonite, and cultural ideas. Investigations at the Pinnacle site have improved our knowledge and understanding of human occupation of the Colorado mountains during a tumultuous period near the end of the prehistoric era.
Pp. 32–40: ARCHAIC ART, by Thomas Lewis
ABSTRACT
The glyphs at Hamilton Dome, Wyoming (“Legend Rock”) can be understood, in part, as a conjunction of images of shamans and their animal companions or transforms with a belief system incorporating dominating and hostile supernatural personages.
Pp. 41–43: BOOK REVIEW, by Steven G. Baker
Celestials and Soiled Doves: The Archaeology and History of Lots 4–9, Block 13 of Historic Prescott’s Original Townsite—The Prescott City Center Project, by Michael S. Foster, John M. Lindly, and Ronald F. Ryden. SWCA Environmental Consultants, Cultural Resource Report No. 03–386, Phoenix, 2004
Pp. 3-27: CARTRIDGES, CAPS, AND FLINTS: A PRIMER FOR ARCHAEOLOGISTS, by Peter J. Gleichman and Dock M. Teegarden
ABSTRACT
Gunflints, percussion caps, cartridge cases, and bullets are durable artifacts that may provide temporal and functional data. Loaded metallic ammunition was introduced in the 1860s and quickly replaced muzzle loaded flintlock and caplock ammunition. Loaded or self-contained metallic cartridges consist of a metal case, primer, powder charge, and bullet. The American caliber identification or cartridge designation standards are a complex, confusing and inconsistent series of nonsystematic conventions. The development and changes in cartridge cases, ignition or priming systems, powder, and bullets are documented, and some of the changes are time markers. Cartridge cases with or without headstamps can be identified, and the process for doing so is presented. Once identified, the date of introduction, period of manufacture, intended use, and firearm(s) for which the cartridge was designed can be determined.
Winter 2005, Volume 71, Number 4:
Pp. 3–16: UTE SITE STRUCTURE AS REVEALED AT TWO HABITATION SITES IN THE SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS, by Rand A. Greubel
ABSTRACT
The excavation of relatively large areas of two sites in the southern Rocky Mountains has yielded a wealth of data relevant to the Ute lifeway during the late Protohistoric and early Historic periods. In particular, distinctive spatial patterning on Ute habitation sites has been revealed. The most prominent of these patterns are described in this paper, and their usefulness in addressing a variety of research domains—as well as their value as potential ethnic indicators—are discussed.
Pp. 17–34: SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE DURING THE FORMATIVE ERA IN WEST-CENTRAL COLORADO, by Alan D. Reed
ABSTRACT
Although there is limited evidence of relatively sedentary farming hamlets in west-central Colorado during the Formative era, most of the region’s inhabitants appear to have maintained a subsistence system based on foraging. Until the completion of the TransColorado Natural Gas Pipeline mitigation project, few excavation data were available for the region’s Formative-era sites, especially those apparently related to foraging activities. The TransColorado Pipeline project yielded substantial data from nine Formative-era components north of the Anasazi homeland. These data permit refinement of interpretations of Formative-era lifeways. Radiocarbon data suggest that populations were relatively high. To cope with pressure on the region’s carrying capacity, some of the region’s Formative-era peoples may have practiced limited horticulture, with relatively little investment of labor, and expanded the breadth of exploited wild plant food resources. Cultural changes were substantial, and the Formative-era lifeway cannot be construed as a continuation of Archaic-era lifeways. The end of the Formative era in west-central Colorado appears to have been marked by a population decline. Although the reasons for the population decline are unknown, the demographic shift appears to have made possible a lifeway that was more highly mobile and that was able to eliminate horticulture and reduce diet breadth.
Pp. 35–51: CERAMIC RAW MATERIALS USED BY HISTORIC NATIVE PEOPLES OF NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO AND WESTERN COLORADO, by David V. Hill
ABSTRACT
The goal of this research is to examine the distribution of different ceramic paste compositions to see how such information might correlate with the distribution of Navajo and Ute peoples as described in contemporary accounts during the Protohistoric and early Historic periods in western Colorado and northwestern New Mexico. If pottery from dated early historic sites is produced using distinctive locally available materials, and found within the historically documented homeland of a specific ethnic group, then some degree of cultural association may be represented. Through the use of petrographic analysis, it has been possible to identify regional variations within the pastes of ceramics produced by Navajo and Ute peoples of northwestern New Mexico and western Colorado. Characterization of local ceramic pastes has also elicited evidence of trade in ceramic vessels within and between Navajos and Utes.
Pp. 52–70: The Shavano Valley Rock Art Site and Western Colorado Rock Art Studies Through Time, by Jonathon C. Horn
ABSTRACT
The Shavano Valley Rock Art site (5MN5), on the edge of the Uncompahgre Plateau just west of Montrose, Colorado, has been the focus of regional rock art research for the last 100 years. Rock art at the site evidently dates from the Archaic period through historic times. Not only is the site captivating because of the art’s motifs and complexity, attempts at discerning its meaning epitomizes anthropological thought and trends in rock art research to the present time. It can be expected that the rock art at the site will retain its importance to individuals or members of cultural groups and will continue to be the subject for interpretation as anthropological thought evolves.
Pp. 71–78: REPORT OF SIGNIFICANT INVESTIGATIONS 1992–2003: ANTHROPOLOGY DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT COLORADO SPRINGS, by William R. Arbogast, Minette C. Church, and Thomas G. Wynn
ABSTRACT
The Anthropology Department, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, conducted archaeological investigations from 1992 through 2003 through annual field schools, cultural resource management consultant contracts, and volunteer efforts in support of the City of Colorado Springs. Investigations include survey, testing and excavation, and focus on both prehistoric and historical resources. Areas investigated are in Bent, Douglas, El Paso, Las Animas, and Teller Counties. Survey areas range from the 17,000 acre Air Force Academy to 240 acres in the Pike National Forest. Excavations were conducted at sites with prehistoric occupations from the Middle Archaic to Protohistoric periods, including one Developmental period burial, and at historical sites as various as the 1860s Boggsville settlement, Bent’s New Fort and Fort Wise, and the Bent Canyon Stage station in Las Animas County.
Pp. 79–80: BOOK REVIEW, by Gordon C. Tucker, Jr.
This Land of Shining Mountains: Archaeological Studies in Colorado’s Indian Peaks Wilderness Area, edited by E. Steve Cassells. Center for Mountain Archeology, Research Report No. 8, Ward, Colorado, 2000
Pp. 1–25: GOIN’ DOWN TO SOUTH PARK: THE PLACE OF THE COLUMBINE RANCH SITE (5PA2457) WITHIN A PREHISTORIC CONTEXT OF PARK COUNTY, by Sean Larmore and Kevin P. Gilmore
ABSTRACT
The Columbine Ranch site (5PA2457) is located on privately owned property, on the west side of Kenosha Pass at the north end of South Park. The site is a dense surface scatter of lithic debitage and diagnostic stone tools representing Late Paleoindian, Early Archaic, and Late Archaic period occupations. These occupations at the Columbine Ranch are placed into a rapidly growing database of cultural components documented by recent academic and cultural resource management work conducted in the area, and reflect the occupational history unique to Park County. Occupational trends through time between Park County and the Platte River Basin are compared using an Index of Occupational Intensity (IOI), which is a data transformation method that converts the number of prehistoric components assigned to a particular cultural history period in a given area to a number that is normalized using the length of the culture history period and the percentage of the total number of components assignable to periods in the area in question. This allows comparisons in numbers of components between periods of different lengths and areas of different sizes and different numbers of components. We use the IOI number as a measure of the relative intensity of prehistoric occupation of an area. Data generated by this method suggest that there are several periods for which there are significant disparities in prehistoric occupation between Park County and the Platte River Basin as a whole.
Pp. 26–43: ICE PATCHES AND REMNANT GLACIERS: PALEONTOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES AND ARCHEOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES IN THE COLORADO HIGH COUNTRY, by Craig M. Lee, James B. Benedict, and Jennie B. Lee
Abstract
In recent decades archeological and paleontological remains have melted out of glaciers and ice patches on several continents, including North America. During the summer of 2002, hikers discovered the remains of bison (Bison bison), bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and elk (Cervus elaphus) in association with three high-altitude ice patches in the Rocky Mountains west of Boulder, Colorado. Bison have been extinct in the region since the late 1870s. Radiocarbon dates for the bison specimens range from 2280 ± 30 BP to 210 ± 60 BP. Carbon isotope (δ13C) values for the bison specimens range from –19.6 ± 1‰ to –13.7 ± 1‰, suggesting the animals spent time at lower elevations as well as in the high mountains. Although no definitive association between the paleontological specimens and native peoples can be demonstrated, Colorado ice patches may yet prove to contain evidence of prehistoric human activity. The possibility that humans and game animals exploited these frozen features prehistorically suggests promising new areas for archeological and paleontological research in the western United States. Survival of ancient bison remains in these environments implies that ice has existed almost continuously in these cirques for at least two millennia. Today’s extreme melting is atypical.
Pp. 44–45: 2005 C.T. HURST AWARD: DR. MARGARET (PEGI) ANN JODRY, by Terri Hoff
No Abstract
Pg. 46: ERRATA, for the Fall 2005 issue of Southwestern Lore (Vol. 71, No. 3), regarding the article "Cartridges, Caps, and F
